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Estrada, Joey Nuñez, Jr.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami – Journal of School Violence, 2014
There is insufficient empirical evidence exploring associations between gang membership and school violence behaviors. Using a sample of 272,863 high school students, this study employs a structural equation model to examine how school risk and protective behaviors and attitudes mediate effects of gang members' involvement with school violence…
Descriptors: Juvenile Gangs, Violence, At Risk Persons, Resilience (Psychology)
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Heck, Ronald H.; Marcoulides, George A. – Urban Review, 1990
This study examines (1) the generalizability of a principal instructional leadership model proposed by Bossert, Dwyer, Rowan, and Lee (1982) across school levels, and (2) whether elementary principals exert more influence over school achievement than secondary principals. Findings supported (1) but not (2). Theoretical and practical implications…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Elementary Secondary Education, Leadership, Principals