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Mahmoud M. S. Abdallah – Online Submission, 2025
This guide offers a comprehensive handbook to scientific research methodology and experimental design, specifically for novice MA and PhD researchers in Education and Language Learning (TESOL/TEFL). It establishes scientific research as a systematic, objective inquiry focused on identifying cause-and-effect relationships through empirical data.…
Descriptors: Scientific Research, Research Methodology, Research Design, Second Language Learning
Coffman, Donna L. – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2011
Mediation is usually assessed by a regression-based or structural equation modeling (SEM) approach that we refer to as the classical approach. This approach relies on the assumption that there are no confounders that influence both the mediator, "M", and the outcome, "Y". This assumption holds if individuals are randomly…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Simulation, Regression (Statistics), Probability
Imbens, Guido W. – Psychological Methods, 2010
In Shadish (2010) and West and Thoemmes (2010), the authors contrasted 2 approaches to causality. The first originated in the psychology literature and is associated with work by Campbell (e.g., Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002), and the second has its roots in the statistics literature and is associated with work by Rubin (e.g., Rubin, 2006). In…
Descriptors: Economics, Research Methodology, Causal Models, Inferences
Schochet, Peter Z.; Puma, Mike; Deke, John – National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, 2014
This report summarizes the complex research literature on quantitative methods for assessing how impacts of educational interventions on instructional practices and student learning differ across students, educators, and schools. It also provides technical guidance about the use and interpretation of these methods. The research topics addressed…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Evaluation Methods, Educational Research, Intervention
Hayduk, Leslie A.; Robinson, Hannah Pazderka; Cummings, Greta G.; Boadu, Kwame; Verbeek, Eric L.; Perks, Thomas A. – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2007
Researchers using structural equation modeling (SEM) aspire to learn about the world by seeking models with causal specifications that match the causal forces extant in the world. This quest for a model matching existing worldly causal forces constitutes an ontology that orients, or perhaps reorients, thinking about measurement validity. This…
Descriptors: Validity, Structural Equation Models, Reliability, Causal Models
Wainer, Howard – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2010
In this essay, the author tries to look forward into the 21st century to divine three things: (i) What skills will researchers in the future need to solve the most pressing problems? (ii) What are some of the most likely candidates to be those problems? and (iii) What are some current areas of research that seem mined out and should not distract…
Descriptors: Research Skills, Researchers, Internet, Access to Information
Jonassen, David H.; Ionas, Ioan Gelu – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2008
Causal reasoning represents one of the most basic and important cognitive processes that underpin all higher-order activities, such as conceptual understanding and problem solving. Hume called causality the "cement of the universe" [Hume (1739/2000). Causal reasoning is required for making predictions, drawing implications and…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Inferences, Thinking Skills, Causal Models
Lee, Peter; And Others – 1993
This paper reports on the current progress of the CHATA Project (Concepts of History and Teaching Approaches, 7 to 14), funded by the Economic and Social Sciences Research Council (ESRC) as part of its program, "Innovation and Change: The Quality of Teaching and Learning." The project is set in the context of changes within history…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Child Development, Childhood Attitudes, Educational Research

Holahan, William L. – Journal of Economic Education, 1998
Uses five unusual indifference curve exercises to show how changing the jail sentence and changing the reward for good behavior can influence the crime rate. Recommends eliminating minimum sentencing while raising sentencing and increasing the rewards for good behavior. Includes illustrative graphs for each exercise. (MJP)
Descriptors: Antisocial Behavior, Attribution Theory, Behavior Change, Causal Models
Gorard, Stephen – Evaluation and Research in Education, 2002
This paper contains a consideration of the nature and role of warrants for research conclusions in educational research. The paper argues the need for an explicit warrant in the form of a logical and persuasive link between the evidence produced and the conclusions drawn (with appropriate qualifications and caveats). It describes social scientific…
Descriptors: Educational Research, Persuasive Discourse, Validity, Logical Thinking

Vaage, Gjermund; Kohn, Robert E. – Journal of Economic Education, 1998
Examines two classes of production functions in which the long-run competitive equilibrium scale of the firm increases when the relative price of the dominant factor decreases. Compares these with a third class of production functions where the equilibrium scale is independent of the relative price of the dominant factor. (MJP)
Descriptors: Business Cycles, Causal Models, Competition, Cost Indexes

Griffin, Larry J. – American Journal of Sociology, 1993
Contends that recent developments in historical sociology emphasize the centrality of temporality to analysis and explanation. Illustrates how computer-assisted analysis of qualitative narrative can be used to develop generalizable causal interpretation of events. (CFR)
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Blacks, Causal Models, Cognitive Structures

Nathawat, S. S.; Singh, Ram; Singh, Bhim – Journal of Social Psychology, 1997
Examines how people with a high-achievement need attribute success to their ability and effort and failure to external factors such as task difficulty. Contrasts this behavior with people who have a low-achievement need. The measuring device was a multiple-choice questionnaire designed to reveal participant tendencies. (MJP)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Attribution Theory, Behavior Theories, Causal Models

Carr, James E.; Austin, John – Teaching of Psychology, 1997
Provides a brief overview of single-subject research designs. This method exercises its power by examining changes in single subjects' responses over time across experimental conditions. Describes a classroom project in which students collect repeated measures of their own behavior and graph the data. (MJP)
Descriptors: Causal Models, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Demonstrations (Educational)

Eflin, Juli T.; Kite, Mary E. – Teaching of Psychology, 1996
Describes a teaching activity that improves students' scientific reasoning by focusing attention on the causal, explanatory nature of psychological theories. Students learn and use an argument form called Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE). Includes examples of this technique and student responses to the course. (MJP)
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Behavior, Causal Models, Educational Strategies
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