A review of studies on early field experiences centers on John Dewey's belief that pre-practice teaching laboratory experiences should foster reflective criticism of educational purposes and instructional methods and result in more effective student teaching experiences. Current studies have indicated that early field experiences, by focusing on…

In the summer of 1986 the Institute for Independent Education brought to Washington, D.C., 27 teachers who teach mathematics to children enrolled primarily in grades five to eight at independent neighborhood schools that serve mainly African-American children in inner-city neighborhoods. The program included a training course in mathematics…