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Ludtke, Oliver; Marsh, Herbert W.; Robitzsch, Alexander; Trautwein, Ulrich; Asparouhov, Tihomir; Muthen, Bengt – Psychological Methods, 2008
In multilevel modeling (MLM), group-level (L2) characteristics are often measured by aggregating individual-level (L1) characteristics within each group so as to assess contextual effects (e.g., group-average effects of socioeconomic status, achievement, climate). Most previous applications have used a multilevel manifest covariate (MMC) approach,…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Sampling, Context Effect, Simulation
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Hartig, Johannes; Holzel, Britta; Moosbrugger, Helfried – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2007
Numerous studies have shown increasing item reliabilities as an effect of the item position in personality scales. Traditionally, these context effects are analyzed based on item-total correlations. This approach neglects that trends in item reliabilities can be caused either by an increase in true score variance or by a decrease in error…
Descriptors: True Scores, Error of Measurement, Structural Equation Models, Simulation