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Catts, Hugh W.; Fey, Marc E.; Zhang, Xuyang; Tomblin, J. Bruce – Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 2001
This longitudinal study examined predictors of second-grade reading outcomes in kindergarten children (N=604). Findings indicated that five kindergarten variables uniquely predicted reading outcomes in second grade: (1) letter identification, (2) sentence imitation, (3) phonological awareness, (4) rapid naming, and (5) mother's education.…
Descriptors: Early Identification, Expressive Language, Grade 2, Kindergarten Children

Backman, Joan; And Others – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1984
Examines the development of word recognition skills of 80 school children (grades two-four). Good beginning readers rapidly learn to recognize high frequency words from visual input alone and simultaneously expand and consolidate spelling sound correspondences. Younger and poor readers rely more on phonological information in word decoding.…
Descriptors: Beginning Reading, Elementary School Students, Grade 2, Grade 3