Presently, learning is more flexible, personal and has richer learning resources. In the digital era, students use digital tools in almost all aspects of learning, such as seeking information, note-taking, discussion and communication, which is in line with personal learning environments. Therefore, this study proposes a conceptual model of the…

The autonomous and the ideological model of literacy, and their tentative effects on teachers' practices as well as on research will be discussed in this article, thus emphasizing the need for teaching children not only to read the word, but also the world. Cases where the possibility of implementing critical awareness from the very start of…

This study investigates "how and why" students' "Uses and Gratification Expectancy" (UGE) for e-learning resources influences their "Perceived e-Learning Experience." A "Uses and Gratification Expectancy Model" (UGEM) framework is proposed to predict students' "Perceived e-Learning Experience," and…

Resource mechanisms that coordinate school systems are loosely structured. Three resources are examined for effects on teaching and learning reading in the first grade: time allocation, curricular materials, and array of students in schools and classrooms. Administrative decisions on resource allocation constrain teachers' use of resources, which…

This study examined the characteristics of school systems and programs that have been successfully involved in change over the past 10 years and that are continuing to update services through external sources. Four models of innovation are outlined: the traditional research-development and utilization (RDU) model, the Linkage Model (Havelock…

This paper presents a historical overview of the field of bilingual education and vocational education. The extent of the need for bilingual vocational education is described along with the status of current programming. The description of the state of the art includes program design, assessment practices, instructional materials, personnel, and…