With the advent of big data and advances in technology, psychological assessments have become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Nevertheless, traditional psychometric issues concerning the validity, reliability, and measurement bias of such assessments remain fundamental in determining whether score inferences of human attributes are…

A theoretical framework for incorporating item response theory into the measurement of attitude and other personality processes is presented. The person by item model is introduced by considering the conceptual usefulness of such a model in understanding item responding, outlining the form of the model, briefly discussing methods for examining the…