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Differences in the Interpretation of Discrepant and Nondiscrepant Messages by Normal and Disturbed Children.

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Friend, Margaret; Becker, Judith E. – Florida Educational Research and Development Council Research Bulletin, 1986

The report examines research on differences in the interpretations of discrepant and nondiscrepant messages by normal and emotionally disturbed children and reports on a study in which tone of voice and verbal content were discrepant in their affective meaning. A review of the research on discrepant messages, their delivery, interpretation, and…

Descriptors: Age Differences, Body Language, Communication Problems, Comprehension

Verbal/Spatial Task Expectations in Written Instruction.

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Kraft, Goldie S.; And Others – British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1985

Describes two experiments in which high school students who studied a map/prose combination expected either a spatial/locational or verbal/event posttest. Results indicate test expectation instructions significantly influenced kinds of information students were able to recall, and type of preinstructional expectation had a pronounced effect on how…

Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Expectation, Geographic Location, Instructional Design