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Peer reviewedLeubecker-Warren, Amye; Bohannon, John Neil, III – Child Development, 1984
A total of 16 mothers and 16 fathers were recorded in dyadic sessions with their children (eight five year olds, eight two year olds; half boys, half girls) and with an adult. Noise-free questions and declaratives were analyzed for pitch and frequency range. Results suggest that both fundamental frequency and range are significantly influenced by…
Descriptors: Fathers, Intonation, Language Patterns, Mothers
Wilkinson, Krista M. – American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1999
This study compared the relative use by four male and four female youth with mental retardation of linguistic (grammatical) devices identified as characteristic of typical female speech (qualifying markers, question styles, and politeness terms). Females produced significantly more qualifying markers than did males, although neither question style…
Descriptors: Adolescents, Expressive Language, Grammar, Language Patterns
Peer reviewedSwitzer, Jo Young – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1990
Utilizes a sample of 225 first graders and 246 seventh graders to examine the imagery developed in response to neutral words. Finds that the children developed sex-specific masculine imagery in response to neutral messages, with boys doing so more frequently than girls, but the seventh graders used more inclusive imagery than the first graders.…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Children, Communication Research, Elementary School Students
