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Haladyna, Thomas M. – IDEA Center, Inc., 2019
The author discusses valid and reliable ways to assign grades in an academic course in any discipline. "Validity" means the accuracy of a grade's reflection of student learning and achievement. "Reliability" concerns the degree of random error that might be present and affect validity. First the author defines a grade as a…
Descriptors: Grading, Validity, Reliability, Evaluation Criteria
Haladyna, Thomas M. – 1999
This book explains writing effective multiple-choice test items and studying responses to items to evaluate and improve them, two topics that are very important in the development of many cognitive tests. The chapters are: (1) "Providing a Context for Multiple-Choice Testing"; (2) "Constructed-Response and Multiple-Choice Item Formats"; (3)…
Descriptors: Constructed Response, Multiple Choice Tests, Test Construction, Test Format