Most state regulations for early childhood programs focus on structural aspects of classrooms: class size, teacher/child ratio, teachers' professional degrees, curriculum, and so forth. Those are not the critical factors, according to Robert Pianta, director of the National Center for Research on Early Childhood Education and professor of…

Skillful substitute teachers are critical to student achievement, especially in today's high-stakes accountability environment. Because teachers are absent from duty, some for short periods of time and others for lengthy time frames, schools may find it difficult to meet high academic and accountability standards without prepared substitute…