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Baroody, Arthur J. – Arithmetic Teacher, 1989
Use of manipulatives is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for meaningful learning. Provides some incidents in support of the argument. Lists 14 references. (YP)
Descriptors: Elementary Education, Elementary School Mathematics, Experiential Learning, Learning Processes

Zervigon-Hakes, Anita – Early Child Development and Care, 1984
Describes materials mastery and symbolic development as two discrete but related processes that preschool children learn. Uses the preschool setting to identify the developmental stages of construction play. (AS)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Developmental Stages, Dramatic Play, Learning Processes