As second language teaching moves away from traditional graded exercises to instruction in which communicative competence is the primary focus, exercises have become practice- and task-based, and systematic grading and diagnostic testing have disappeared. Students are sometimes being asked to perform tasks with which they would have difficulty in…

This guide is designed for tutors and teachers of literacy in rural locations in Australia, and their trainers, to help them respond appropriately to the language and literacy needs of adults of non-English-speaking background. It is divided into five sections. The first is an introduction. The second addresses the general topics of language…