Over the past 20 years much research has been conducted in a wide range of areas related to spelling--from methods of teaching spelling to the natural development of children's spelling ability. Simultaneously, greater understanding about the nature of English orthography has been acquired. Drawing on this accumulated knowledge, and premised on…

Kanji are a component of the Japanese writing system that originated from Chinese characters. There are about ten thousand kanji in use in Japanese literature, but knowledge of only the 2000 most frequently occurring of these is needed to be functionally literate in Japanese. The present study, therefore, aimed to address two questions: (1) What…