Over the years, researchers have studied novice programming behaviors when doing assignments and projects to identify struggling students. Much of these efforts focused on using student programming and interaction features to predict student success at a course level. While these methods are effective at early detection of struggling students in…

Feedback on how students progress through completing subgoals can improve students' learning and motivation in programming. Detecting subgoal completion is a challenging task, and most learning environments do so either with "expert-authored" models or with "data-driven" models. Both models have advantages that are…

Viewing worked examples before problem solving has been shown to improve learning efficiency in novice programming. Example-based feedback seeks to present smaller, adaptive worked example steps during problem solving. We present a method for automatically generating and selecting adaptive, example-based programming feedback using historical…

Debugging is an over-looked component in K-12 computational thinking education. Few K-12 programming environments are designed to teach debugging, and most debugging research were conducted on college-aged students. In this paper, we presented debugging exercises to 6th-8th grade students and analyzed their problem solving behaviors in a…