Stakeholders are debating the value of cognitively focused instruction for students who have not benefited from a skills-based approach. Much of the discussion, however, is occurring without recognition of research that has been conducted in the past 2 decades. In this article, we reviewed the research. Electronic databases and hard copies of…

The focus of this article is intervention for third-grade students with serious mathematics deficits at third grade. In third grade, such deficits are clearly established, and identification of mathematics disabilities typically begins. We provide background information on two aspects of mathematical cognition that present major challenges for…

A meta-analysis of 79 studies of reading performance of low achievers with and without learning disabilities found students with the learning disabilities label performed considerably worse on reading measures. Use of timed tests greatly increased the difference in reading performance between underachievers and students with the learning…