This paper defines a schema as a memory structure representing a general concept and its framework of associated concepts, and identifies the three processes by which learning can occur in individuals whose memories are schema-based, i.e., accretion, tuning, and restructuring. Ways in which schema might influence instructional design are then…

Content analysis of connected instructional discourse depends on the fundamental distinction between the content to be learned ("intrinsic") and the content intended only to support the learning processes ("mathemagenic"). Depending on the expected outcome of learning and the learner's entering competencies, the nature and…

Task analysis is a procedure having the purpose of identifying different kinds of performances which are outcomes of learning, in order to make possible the specification of optimal instructional conditions for each kind of outcome. Task analysis may be related to content analysis in two different ways: (1) it may be used to identify the probably…