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The Longitudinal Development of Grammatical Complexity at the Phrasal and Clausal Levels in Spoken and Written Responses to the "TOEFL iBT"® Test. Research Report. ETS RR-19-45

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Gray, Bethany; Geluso, Joe; Nguyen, Phuong – ETS Research Report Series, 2019

In the present study, we take a longitudinal, corpus-based perspective to investigate short-term (over 9 months) linguistic change in the language produced for the spoken and written sections of the "TOEFL iBT"® test by a group of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners in China. The goal of the study is to identify patterns that…

Descriptors: Grammar, Computer Assisted Testing, Phrase Structure, Language Proficiency

Should We Use Characteristics of Conversation to Measure Grammatical Complexity in L2 Writing Development?

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Biber, Douglas; Gray, Bethany; Poonpon, Kornwipa – TESOL Quarterly: A Journal for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and of Standard English as a Second Dialect, 2011

Studies of L2 writing development usually measure T-units and clausal subordination to assess grammatical complexity, assuming that increased subordination is typical of advanced writing. In this article we challenge this practice by showing that these measures are much more characteristic of conversation than academic writing. The article begins…

Descriptors: Writing (Composition), Nouns, Criticism, English (Second Language)

Discourse Characteristics of Writing and Speaking Task Types on the "TOEFL iBT"® Test: A Lexico-Grammatical Analysis. "TOEFL iBT"® Research Report. TOEFL iBT-19. Research Report. RR-13-04

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Biber, Douglas; Gray, Bethany – ETS Research Report Series, 2013

One of the major innovations of the "TOEFL iBT"® test is the incorporation of integrated tasks complementing the independent tasks to which examinees respond. In addition, examinees must produce discourse in both modes (speech and writing). The validity argument for the TOEFL iBT includes the claim that examinees vary their discourse in…

Descriptors: Discourse Analysis, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Language Tests