Among the changes in education called for under the No Child Left Behind act is the need for states to test students in a number of grades and subject areas. Scores from these tests are to be used for a variety of purposes, from identifying whether individual students are proficient, to helping determine whether schools are causing adequate growth for their students. This study investigates several testing approaches, and their potential impact on the use of test scores for these varied purposes. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)