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Lewis, Michael; Minar, Nicholas J. – European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2022
Self-recognition emerges during the second year of life and represents the emergence of a reflective self, a metacognition which underlies self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and shame, perspective taking, and emotional knowledge of others. In a longitudinal study of 171 children, two major questions were explored from an extant…
Descriptors: Metacognition, Perspective Taking, Psychological Patterns, Emotional Response
Bennett, David S.; Bendersky, Margaret; Lewis, Michael – Developmental Psychology, 2008
This study examined the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and maternal verbal intelligence on children's cognitive ability. Gender and age were examined as moderators of potential cocaine exposure effects. The Stanford-Binet IV intelligence test was administered to 231 children (91 cocaine exposed, 140 unexposed) at ages 4,…
Descriptors: Cocaine, Intelligence Tests, Intelligence Quotient, Children