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The Acquisition of Addition and Subtraction Concepts in Grades One through Three.
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Carpenter, Thomas P.; Moser, James M. – Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 1984
Solutions to addition and subtraction word problems were studied in a three-year longitudinal study that followed 88 children from grades one to three. They solved problems using a variety of strategies before formal instruction and used invented strategies several years after formal instruction. Four levels of problem-solving ability were found.…
Descriptors: Addition, Cognitive Processes, Computation, Educational Research