This paper provides examples of how one can use the research issue and the relationships between qualitative and quantitative research as a frame for instructing students and judging the quality of research. The emphasis is on validity estimates, also called legitimization techniques, with attention to the idea of a qualitative-quantitative…

The major concern for any research model, whether disproportionate or not, is the research question and how well that question is reflected by the model. Three "exact solutions" for disproportional situations, the hierarchial, unadjusted main effects, and fitting constant methods, are discussed in terms of the research question that each…

Presents situations in which researchers can use the general linear model to uncover reasons for discrepant effect-size results of meta-analysis of similar studies. Situations include similarly labeled treatments or participants differing in important ways, treatment effectiveness varying by subject aptitude or situational variables, research…