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Spolsky, Bernard – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2012
Introducing a pioneering series of studies of family language policy and management, this paper points out that classic language policy dealt almost entirely with the nation-state, although it did recognise the critical role of the family in determining natural intergenerational transmission of a variety. After arguing for the need to look at each…
Descriptors: Language Planning, Multilingualism, Family Role, Language Variation

Spolsky, Bernard – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1989
Describes several preschool, elementary, and high school Maori immersion and bilingual programs in New Zealand, focusing on how the programs define and establish Maori space in the schools, local and tribal concerns, and the basis for the revitalization of the language. (29 references) (Author/CB)
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries, Immersion Programs

Spolsky, Bernard; And Others – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1983
The educational policy of the kingdom of Tonga, located in the South Pacific, boasts a high level of literacy in both English and the vernacular language (Tongan), making this country a thriving example of national biliteracy. While written English serves external relations, higher level administrative or educational functions, written Tongan…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Communications, Diglossia, Educational Policy