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| Spear-Swerling, Louise | 2 |
| Sternberg, Robert J. | 2 |
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Download full textSpear-Swerling, Louise; Sternberg, Robert J. – 1995
This paper presents a cognitive model of reading disability that looks at how the disability develops across the age and grade span and how it relates to the process of reading acquisition in normal-achieving readers. The model uses the metaphor of a "road map," which identifies the normal road to proficient reading through six phases: visual-cue…
Descriptors: Beginning Reading, Cognitive Processes, Developmental Stages, Disability Identification
Peer reviewedSpear-Swerling, Louise; Sternberg, Robert J. – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1994
This article describes a theoretical model of reading disability that integrates research findings in cognitive psychology, reading, and education. The model identifies four patterns of reading disability: (1) nonalphabetic readers, (2) compensatory readers, (3) nonautomatic readers, and (4) readers delayed in the acquisition of word recognition…
Descriptors: Classification, Cognitive Psychology, Educational Research, Elementary Secondary Education
