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Swain, Merrill; Huang, Li-Shih; Barkaoui, Khaled; Brooks, Lindsay; Lapkin, Sharon – Educational Testing Service, 2009
This study responds to the Test of English as a Foreign Language[TM] (TOEFL[R]) research agenda concerning the need to understand the processes and knowledge that test-takers utilize. Specifically, it investigates the strategic behaviors test-takers reported using when taking the Speaking section of the TOEFL iBT[TM] (SSTiBT). It also investigates…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Internet, Speech Skills
Swain, Merrill; Lapkin, Sharon – 1982
A decade of research on immersion programs in Ontario is synthesized. The immersion programs studied over this period include three major alternatives: early total French immersion, early partial French immersion, and late partial French immersion. The programs all serve an English speaking students population, devote at least one half of each…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Education Programs, Bilingualism

Swain, Merrill; And Others – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1981
Summarizes an evaluation of an early French immersion program at grades 6 and 8. In English language skills, immersion students performed as well as, or better than, English-only program groups; in mathematics and sciences, immersion students did as well as their comparison group. Other findings are discussed. (PJM)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Bilingual Education, Bilingualism, Elementary Education