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Barkaoui, Khaled; Brooks, Lindsay; Swain, Merrill; Lapkin, Sharon – Applied Linguistics, 2013
This study investigated the strategic behaviors that test-takers reported using when responding to integrated and independent speaking tasks in an English oral proficiency test [the Speaking Section of the Internet-based Test of English as a Foreign Language[TM] (TOEFL iBT)] and the relationship between test-takers' strategic behaviors and their…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, English (Second Language), Speech Communication, Second Language Learning
Brooks, Lindsay; Swain, Merrill – Language Assessment Quarterly, 2014
In this study we compare test takers' performance on the Speaking section of the TOEFL iBT™and their performances during their real-life academic studies. Thirty international graduate students from mixed language backgrounds in two different disciplines (Sciences and Social Sciences) responded to two independent and four integrated speaking tasks…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Language Tests
Swain, Merrill – Language Teaching, 2013
The scholarly literature about the process of second language (L2) learning has focused to a considerable extent on cognitive processes. Left aside are questions about how emotions fit into an understanding of L2 learning. One goal of this plenary is to demonstrate that we have limited our understanding of L2 learning by failing to take into…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Second Language Learning, Schemata (Cognition), Cognitive Development
Swain, Merrill; Kinnear, Penny; Steinman, Linda – Multilingual Matters, 2010
In this accessible introduction to Vygotskyian sociocultural theory, narratives illuminate key concepts of the theory. These key concepts, addressed across seven chapters, include mediation; Zone of Proximal Development; collaborative dialogue; private speech; everyday and scientific concepts; the interrelatedness of cognition and emotion,…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Audiences, Scientific Concepts, Second Language Instruction
Swain, Merrill; Lapkin, Sharon; Knouzi, Ibtissem; Suzuki, Wataru; Brooks, Lindsay – Modern Language Journal, 2009
In this article we explore the process and product of languaging as it concerns the learning of the grammatical concept of voice (active, passive, and middle) in French. We examine and analyze the amount and type of languaging produced by a small sample of university students as they struggle to understand the concept of voice. Students who are…
Descriptors: Grammar, French, College Students, Comparative Analysis
Watanabe, Yuko; Swain, Merrill – Language Awareness, 2008
In this article, we explore one aspect of language awareness that has rarely been explored--awareness (i.e. perception) of the language proficiency of the "other learner" in pair work settings. We examine how Mai, a Japanese ESL learner, perceives her peer's L2 proficiency during pair problem solving, and how her perception of learner proficiency…
Descriptors: Metalinguistics, English (Second Language), Language Proficiency, Second Language Learning
Swain, Merrill; Deters, Ping – Modern Language Journal, 2007
How have the ideas raised by Firth and Wagner (1997) influenced the construction of second language acquisition (SLA) theories? In this article, we take the position that prior to and since 1997, there was and has been a notable increase in SLA research and theory that prioritizes sociocultural and contextual factors in addition to acknowledging…
Descriptors: Language Research, Linguistic Theory, Second Language Learning, Sociocultural Patterns
Watanabe, Yuko; Swain, Merrill – Language Teaching Research, 2007
This study investigated the effects of second language (L2) proficiency differences in pairs and patterns of interaction on L2 learning, making use of both qualitative and quantitative data. We designed the study in such a way that four different "core" participants interacted with higher and lower proficiency "non-core"…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Scores, Language Proficiency

Cohen, Andrew D.; Swain, Merrill – TESOL Quarterly, 1976
It has been shown that students in North America can learn both a foreign language and subject matter taught in that language at the same time successfully. The immersion model is first examined for the majority group child, then considered for several target groups. (SCC)
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingualism, Elementary Education, English (Second Language)

Harley, Birgit; Swain, Merrill – 1977
This pilot study investigates the performance in French of five English-speaking children, who are enrolled in their sixth year of a primary French immersion program in a Toronto elementary school. From speech data obtained in individual interviews, an analysis is made of the students' control of the French verb system. The subjects are found to…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingual Students, Bilingualism, Elementary Education

Swain, Merrill; And Others – Canadian Modern Language Review, 1976
Research is presented in support of the theory that early French immersion of English-speaking children leads to bilingualism. The evidence is limited to children through the end of grade four. Comments and criticisms are made by three guest analysts. (RM)
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Bilingualism, Elementary Education, FLES

Tarone, Elaine; Swain, Merrill – Modern Language Journal, 1995
This paper cites observational and interview evidence indicating that language immersion students in the United States and Canada increasingly avoid using their second language in peer interactions as they move into higher primary grade levels. Implications for immersion programs and teachers are discussed. (32 references) (MDM)
Descriptors: Elementary Education, FLES, Immersion Programs, Interviews
Swain, Merrill – 1974
The basic language issues in Canada are two-fold: (1) French-Canadians are making serious attempts to maintain their native language and culture, and a move towards French unilingualism is apparent; (2) English-Canadians are showing increasing interest in becoming bilingual, mainly because they are not threatened by native language loss or by…
Descriptors: Acculturation, Bilingual Education, Bilingualism, Educational Policy

Swain, Merrill – Canadian Modern Language Review, 1993
Some views on and implications of "the output hypothesis," which proposes that the process of producing written or spoken language results in language acquisition/learning, for immersion pedagogy and second-language learning are discussed. The role of collaborative learning is considered. (Contains 14 references.) (LB)
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Immersion Programs, Language Processing, Language Research

Swain, Merrill; Brooks, Lindsay; Tocalli-Beller, Agustina – Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2002
Considers recent research in which peer dialogue has been examined with the purpose of understanding its impact on second language learning. Reviews research from the perspective of a sociocultural theory of mind that claims cognition and knowledge are dialogically constructed. (Author/VWL)
Descriptors: Classroom Communication, Cognitive Processes, Dialogs (Language), Interaction