Mathematics education researchers frequently use task-based interviews to gain insight into mathematicians' practice. However, there are a number of factors that should prevent mathematics educators from extrapolating how individual mathematicians respond to researcher-generated tasks in laboratory conditions, to how mathematicians practice their…

Conviction is a central construct in mathematics education research on justification and proof. In this paper, we claim that it is important to distinguish between absolute conviction and relative conviction. We argue that researchers in mathematics education frequently have not done so and this has lead to researchers making unwarranted claims…

In this article, nine mathematicians were interviewed about their why and how they presented proofs in their advanced mathematics courses. Key findings include that: (1) the participants in this study presented proofs not to convince students that theorems were true but for reasons such as conveying understanding and illustrating methods, (2)…

Although proof comprehension is fundamental in advanced undergraduate mathematics courses, there has been limited research on what it means to understand a mathematical proof at this level and how such understanding can be assessed. In this paper, we address these issues by presenting a multidimensional model for assessing proof comprehension in…

Many mathematics educators have noted that mathematicians do not only read proofs to gain conviction but also to obtain insight. The goal of this article is to discuss what this insight is from mathematicians' perspective. Based on interviews with nine research-active mathematicians, two sources of insight are discussed. The first is reading a…

This article describes how the concept of "key idea" can be used in high school geometry to connect students' informal explorations with rigorous mathematical proof. (Contains 6 figures.)

In this paper, I describe how undergraduates can develop their understanding of the concept of proof by viewing the act of proving as a procedure. Such undergraduates first understand proof as an algorithm, or a step-by-step mechanical prescription for proving certain types of statements. The students can then condense this algorithm into a…

In university mathematics courses, the activity of proof construction can be viewed as a problem-solving task in which the prover is asked to form a logical justification demonstrating that a given statement must be true. The purposes of this paper are to describe some of the different types of reasoning and problem-solving processes used by…

In this paper, we distinguish between two ways that an individual can construct a formal proof. We define a syntactic proof production to occur when the prover draws inferences by manipulating symbolic formulae in a logically permissible way. We define a semantic proof production to occur when the prover uses instantiations of mathematical…

The purpose of this paper is to offer a framework for categorizing and describing the different types of processes that undergraduates use to construct proofs. Based on 176 observations of undergraduates constructing proofs collected over several studies, I describe three qualitatively different ways that undergraduates use to construct proofs. In…