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Direct linkCamerota, Marie; Willoughby, Michael T. – Child Development, 2020
Little research has considered whether prenatal experience contributes to executive function (EF) development above and beyond postnatal experience. This study tests direct, mediated, and moderated associations between prenatal risk factors and preschool EF and IQ in a longitudinal sample of 1,292 children from the Family Life Project. A composite…
Descriptors: Prenatal Influences, Risk, Predictor Variables, Preschool Children
Kuhn, Laura J.; Willoughby, Michael T.; Wilbourn, Makeba Parramore; Vernon-Feagans, Lynne; Blair, Clancy B. – Child Development, 2014
Using an epidemiological sample (N = 1,117) and a prospective longitudinal design, this study tested the direct and indirect effects of preverbal and verbal communication (15 months to 3 years) on executive function (EF) at age 4 years. Results indicated that whereas gestures (15 months), as well as language (2 and 3 years), were correlated with…
Descriptors: Epidemiology, Nonverbal Communication, Longitudinal Studies, Verbal Communication
