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| Xiaoxiao Liu | 1 |
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Direct linkSurina He; Xiaoxiao Liu; Ying Cui – Educational Psychology, 2025
The increasing use of low-stakes international assessments highlights the importance of test-taking efforts. Previous studies have used self-reported and response time-based measures to examine this effort. Although differences between these measures have been suggested, their association with performances and potential gender gaps remains…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, International Assessment, Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students
