Background: Virtual laboratories are used to supplement or even replace physical laboratories in engineering education. Although these virtual laboratories allow students to learn foundational experimental skills, they do not provide the learners with the chance to develop higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). Computational thinking (CT) is an…

Laboratories play a central role in engineering education. Current technology enables virtual experiences that challenge the traditional concept of teaching laboratories for undergraduate engineering students. Integrating technology, such as virtual laboratories, allows students to learn foundational experimental skills; however, it lacks…

Virtual Reality (VR) has demonstrated significant advantages in various educational fields as it allows learners to actively learn in high interactivity and realism under their learning pace. However, for low-achieving students, VR learning environments may introduce some challenges, which are problems encountered during their learning process,…