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Norizan Mat Diah; Syahirul Riza; Suzana Ahmad; Norzilah Musa; Shakirah Hashim – Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 2025
Sudoku is a puzzle that has a unique solution. No matter how many methods are used, the result will always be the same. The player thought that the number of givens or clues, the initial value on the Sudoku puzzles, would significantly determine the difficulty level, which is not necessarily correct. This research uses two search algorithms,…
Descriptors: Puzzles, Artificial Intelligence, Problem Solving, Algorithms
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Alireza Akbari; Mohammadtaghi Shahnazari – Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 2025
Purpose: The primary objective of this research paper was to examine the objectivity of the preselected items evaluation (PIE) method, a prevalent translation scoring method deployed by international institutions such as UAntwerpen, UGent and the University of Granada. Design/methodology/approach: This research critically analyzed the scientific…
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Translation, Difficulty Level, Validity
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Lukas Wesenberg; Felix Krieglstein; Sascha Schneider; Günter Daniel Rey – Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2025
This study examined if the number of interruptions caused by interesting side notes in learning text is critical for the detrimental effect that is generally found when such seductive details are included, and consequently, if this effect can be mitigated by grouping these details together instead of interspersing them. Results confirmed that…
Descriptors: Interference (Learning), Difficulty Level, Cognitive Processes, Transfer of Training
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Xiaoxiao Liu; Okan Bulut; Ying Cui; Yizhu Gao – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2025
Background: Process data captured by computer-based assessments provide valuable insight into respondents' cognitive processes during problem-solving tasks. Although previous studies have utilized process data to analyse behavioural patterns or strategies in problem-solving tasks, the connection between latent cognitive states and their…
Descriptors: Adults, Problem Solving, Markov Processes, Network Analysis
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Daniel M. K. Lam – ELT Journal, 2025
Feedback penetrates many walks of our lives, and its importance in L2 teaching and assessment is well recognised. However, while corrective feedback and writing feedback have been the focus of much L2 research and classroom practice, there seems relatively little attention to feedback on spoken interactional skills. Concomitantly, translating…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Peer Evaluation, Oral Language, Interaction
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Neslihan Yondemir Çaliskan; Emine Sendurur – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2025
Based on the assumptions of cognitive load theory, this study aims to utilize the eye movement data collected from multiple experts to scaffold novice graphic designers. The study has two main stages. In the first stage, eye tracking was used to record the eye movements of 7 experts, who covered eight topics explaining how to use Photoshop. The…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Novices, Expertise, Guidance
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Salah Eddine Bouyousfi; Miché Ouedraogo – American Journal of Evaluation, 2025
The use of complexity-based evaluation methods remains relatively underexplored in the field of evaluation. While increasingly employed to assess complex interventions, Contribution Analysis (CA) continues to suffer from a lack of operationalization. In this article, we propose enhancing the implementation of CA by leveraging Participatory Systems…
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Intervention, Difficulty Level, Systems Approach
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Bram Bulté; Alex Housen; Gabriele Pallotti – Language Learning, 2025
This article presents a theoretical review of and methodological guidelines for the study of two key notions in second language acquisition research, complexity and difficulty. The term "complexity" has gained considerable currency over the past decades and has taken on a wide range of meanings. We argue for a more restricted…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Language Acquisition, Language Research, Difficulty Level
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Emmanuel Burguete; Bernard Coulibaly; Vassilis Komis – Education and Information Technologies, 2025
To design and script courses, practitioners often collaboratively use simple and tangible tools such as Post-it notes. In light of this, research and development were conducted to develop Eduscript Doctor, an analogic tool that would retain the inductive potential of Post-it notes while structuring the pedagogical scripting process. This…
Descriptors: Instructional Design, Program Implementation, MOOCs, Scripts
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Marc P. Janson; Oliver Dickhäuser – Journal of Experimental Education, 2025
Feedback significantly impacts learning outcomes, yet interindividual differences in feedback preferences remain understudied. We postulate and test a fitting feedback framework assuming that feedback framings matching personal preferences produce positive effects. We conducted two learning experiments including feedback representing different…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Feedback (Response), Preferences
Yun-Kyung Kim; Li Cai – National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), 2025
This paper introduces an application of cross-classified item response theory (IRT) modeling to an assessment utilizing the embedded standard setting (ESS) method (Lewis & Cook). The cross-classified IRT model is used to treat both item and person effects as random, where the item effects are regressed on the target performance levels (target…
Descriptors: Standard Setting (Scoring), Item Response Theory, Test Items, Difficulty Level
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Shiqi Liu; Sannyuya Liu; Xian Peng; Jianwen Sun; Zhi Liu – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2025
Forum discussions in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) play a crucial role in promoting learning engagement and academic achievement. In particular, discussion topics significantly influence learners' emotional and cognitive engagement. However, the complex interrelationships among these factors remain underexplored. This study introduces an…
Descriptors: MOOCs, Difficulty Level, Learner Engagement, Academic Achievement
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Icy Zhang; Yunqi Jia; Xiaoxuan Cheng; Ji Y. Son; James W. Stigler – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2025
Although programming is often learned through formal instruction or self-paced tutorials, informal learning, for example, through publicly available online documentation, is also a significant resource for skill development among novices. However, many novices struggle to extract useful information from documentation. This work aims to answer two…
Descriptors: Programming, Novices, Informal Education, Documentation
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Yafit Gabay; Lana Jacob; Atil Mansour; Uri Hertz – npj Science of Learning, 2025
The current study examined how individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders navigate the complexities of learning within multidimensional environments marked by uncertain dimension values and without explicit guidance. Participants engaged in a game-like complex reinforcement learning task in which the stimuli dimension determining reward…
Descriptors: Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Difficulty Level, Reinforcement
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Julia Schindler; Tobias Richter – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2025
The aim of the present study was to test the replicability of the text generation effect for learning with expository texts while systematically varying contextual factors that--based on extant literature--can be assumed to affect the occurrence and magnitude of the text generation effect. Seven experiments were conducted in which participants…
Descriptors: Expository Writing, Sentences, Time on Task, Difficulty Level
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