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Tenko Raykov; Ahmed Haddadi; Christine DiStefano; Mohammed Alqabbaa – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2025
This note is concerned with the study of temporal development in several indices reflecting clustering effects in multilevel designs that are frequently utilized in educational and behavioral research. A latent variable method-based approach is outlined, which can be used to point and interval estimate the growth or decline in important functions…
Descriptors: Multivariate Analysis, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Educational Research, Statistical Inference
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Chunhua Cao; Yan Wang; Eunsook Kim – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
Multilevel factor mixture modeling (FMM) is a hybrid of multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multilevel latent class analysis (LCA). It allows researchers to examine population heterogeneity at the within level, between level, or both levels. This tutorial focuses on explicating the model specification of multilevel FMM that considers…
Descriptors: Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Factor Analysis, Nonparametric Statistics, Statistical Analysis
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Oliver Lüdtke; Alexander Robitzsch – Journal of Experimental Education, 2025
There is a longstanding debate on whether the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or the change score approach is more appropriate when analyzing non-experimental longitudinal data. In this article, we use a structural modeling perspective to clarify that the ANCOVA approach is based on the assumption that all relevant covariates are measured (i.e.,…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Longitudinal Studies, Error of Measurement, Hierarchical Linear Modeling