Since the COVID-19 pandemic struck, schools across the world closed, either periodically or over a considerable time. The OECD reports that during this period, globally, over 1.2 billion children were out of the classroom. As a result, schools moved part or all of their curriculum online, teaching remotely via digital platforms. Evidence suggests…

The integration of web-based discussion tools in education has expanded rapidly, yet their pedagogical use remains largely unstructured, often resulting in fragmented discussions and limited learners' engagement. This gap reflects the absence of empirically grounded instructional models that align digital discourse with principles of collaborative…