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Aarnes Gudmestad; Thomas A. Metzger – Language Learning, 2025
In this Methods Showcase Article, we illustrate mixed-effects modeling with a multinomial dependent variable as a means of explaining complexities in language. We model data on future-time reference in second language Spanish, which consists of a nominal dependent variable that has three levels, measured over 73 participants. We offer step-by-step…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Spanish, Applied Linguistics, Predictor Variables
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Caroline F. Rowland; Amy Bidgood; Gary Jones; Andrew Jessop; Paula Stinson; Julian M. Pine; Samantha Durrant; Michelle S. Peter – Language Learning, 2025
A strong predictor of children's language is performance on non-word repetition (NWR) tasks. However, the basis of this relationship remains unknown. Some suggest that NWR tasks measure phonological working memory, which then affects language growth. Others argue that children's knowledge of language/language experience affects NWR performance. A…
Descriptors: Vocabulary Development, Comparative Analysis, Computational Linguistics, Language Skills