Academic procrastination, the tendency to delay academic tasks without reasonable justification, has significant implications for students' academic performance and overall well-being. To measure this construct, numerous scales have been developed, among which the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) has shown promise in assessing academic…

Focusing efficiently on potential weaknesses in the validity argument of writing assessments--such as writing subjectivity, content coverage, criteria vagueness, and raters' incompetence--has been shown to positively enhance teachers' overall writing assessment competence (AC). In this study, we propose a computational bootstrapping model of…

The study aimed to verify the psychometric properties of the emotional-style scale and explore different clusters of emotional styles. An emotional style scale was completed in three districts of western Taiwan using stratified random sampling. The study confirmed the reliability and convergent validity of each subscale in a sample of 712…

As the integration of digital technologies continues to shape academic landscapes, assessing digital literacy in the context of academic writing becomes paramount. Several instruments and frameworks are available for measuring digital literacy and examining it from different perspectives; however, none are suitable for measuring the digital…