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Julia-Kim Walther; Martin Hecht; Steffen Zitzmann – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
Small sample sizes pose a severe threat to convergence and accuracy of between-group level parameter estimates in multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM). However, in certain situations, such as pilot studies or when populations are inherently small, increasing samples sizes is not feasible. As a remedy, we propose a two-stage regularized…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Structural Equation Models, Matrices
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Fatih Orçan – International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 2025
Factor analysis is a statistical method to explore the relationships among observed variables and identify latent structures. It is crucial in scale development and validity analysis. Key factors affecting the accuracy of factor analysis results include the type of data, sample size, and the number of response categories. While some studies…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Factor Structure, Item Response Theory, Sample Size
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Honggang Liu; Majid Elahi Shirvan; Tahereh Taherian – Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2025
The current research aimed to examine the relationships among three key aspects of the language learning process, namely, foreign language boredom (FLB), English language engagement (ELE), and academic buoyancy (AB), utilizing data collected from 2,992 Chinese language learners. In order to strengthen the accuracy and robustness of the results, we…
Descriptors: Learner Engagement, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction