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Yanjing Cao; Chenchen Xu; Shan Lu; Qi Li; Jing Xiao – Psychology in the Schools, 2025
The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is widely utilized in assessing individuals' depression levels. Nevertheless, research regarding its factor structure and measurement invariance remains inadequate. The aim of this study was to delve into the factor structure of the PHQ-9 and to further investigate its measurement invariance across gender…
Descriptors: Factor Structure, Error of Measurement, Factor Analysis, Age Differences