Background: This study offers a comprehensive review of academic performance measurement instruments in physical activity and education settings, aiming to provide a comprehensive list of tools used for measuring academic performance in relation to variables associated with physical activity. Methods: Academic performance outcomes, including…

The global shortage of skilled programmers remains a persistent challenge. High dropout rates in introductory programming courses pose a significant obstacle to graduation. Previous studies highlighted learning difficulties in programming students, but their specific weaknesses remained unclear. This gap exists due to the predominant focus on the…