In various technology-enhanced learning (TEL) environments, knowledge co-creation progresses through multimodal interactions that integrate verbal and nonverbal modalities, such as speech and gestures. This study investigated two distinct analytical approaches for analyzing multimodal interactions--triangulating and interleaving--by applying them…

Serving as a prominent framework for online learning, the Community of Inquiry (CoI), identifies three factors critical to learning in online environments: teaching presence, cognitive presence, and social presence. However, application of the CoI framework to face-to-face classes has not been broadly or systematically explored, despite…