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Direct linkLiang Zhang; Jionghao Lin; John Sabatini; Conrad Borchers; Daniel Weitekamp; Meng Cao; John Hollander; Xiangen Hu; Arthur C. Graesser – IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 2025
Learning performance data, such as correct or incorrect answers and problem-solving attempts in intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs), facilitate the assessment of knowledge mastery and the delivery of effective instructions. However, these data tend to be highly sparse (80%90% missing observations) in most real-world applications. This data…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Academic Achievement, Data, Evaluation Methods
