Despite continued research into the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework, the best way to measure each presence of the framework, and in particular social presence, has not been effectively settled in prior research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the social presence items in the CoI framework and its subscales, as well…

Assessment plays a fundamental role in physics education, with extensive research exploring its various dimensions. Despite this extensive research, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis synthesising trends and identifying research gaps is lacking. This study addresses this need by examining trends, patterns, and future directions in physics…