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Hongwei Yang; Müslim Alanoglu; Songül Karabatak; Jian Su; Kelly Bradley – International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2025
This study developed and validated the Turkish version of the Self-Directed Online Learning Scale (SDOLS-T) for assessing students' perceptions of their self-directed learning (SDL) ability in an online environment. Specifically, this study conducted in two stages multiple categorical confirmatory factor analyses factoring in the ordered…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Factor Analysis, Translation, Student Attitudes
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Li Wang; Jie Huang; Wenqi Ye; Jun Lei – SAGE Open, 2025
This study adopted both variable- and person-centered methods to investigate Chinese primary school students' foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) as well as factors associated with these emotions, such as language proficiency, gender, grade level, school type, access to foreign teachers and after-school…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Anxiety, Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning