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When Two Learners Are Better than One: Using Flashcards with a Partner Improves Metacognitive Accuracy

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Megan N. Imundo; Inez Zung; Mary C. Whatley; Steven C. Pan – Metacognition and Learning, 2025

We investigated the benefits of two ways to use flashcards to perform retrieval practice: alone versus with a partner. In three experiments, undergraduate students learned word-definition pairs using flashcards alone (Individual condition) or with another student (Paired condition). Participants then made global judgments of learning (gJOLs;…

Descriptors: Undergraduate Students, Instructional Materials, Word Recognition, Paired Associate Learning