Most methods for structural equation modeling (SEM) focused on the analysis of covariance matrices. However, "Historically, interesting psychological theories have been phrased in terms of correlation coefficients." This might be because data in social and behavioral sciences typically do not have predefined metrics. While proper methods…

Multilevel factor mixture modeling (FMM) is a hybrid of multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multilevel latent class analysis (LCA). It allows researchers to examine population heterogeneity at the within level, between level, or both levels. This tutorial focuses on explicating the model specification of multilevel FMM that considers…

In this study, the factorial invariance of the ASIS (Anadolu-Sak Intelligence Scale) was examined across time. Data were obtained from there groups of first-grade students who were administered the ASIS in 2020, 2021, and 2022. The analyses were conducted using multisample confirmatory factor analyses. Factorial invariance was tested with six…

In the contemporary world of digitalisation, comprehensive digital competence (DC) is and should be an integral part of students' repertoire to guarantee not only academic but also professional success. However, the level and requirements for DC may vary within specific educational contexts, especially in culturally oriented institutions. This…

Current environmental risks, such as climate change and nature loss, force us to look for solutions in every sector of society. A successful sustainability transition requires the manipulation of deep systemic leverage points. Hence, a deep leverage point framework based on sustainability competencies is needed to conceptualise sustainability…

From the complex dynamic systems theory perspective, evaluating CALL pedagogy involves miscellaneous variables. It seems the ecosystem of the CALL environment necessitates an array of extralinguistic (Ecolinguistically situated) issues to be considered in any appraisal of the CALL milieu. To this end, this paper aims to develop and validate a…