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Jean-Paul Fox – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2025
Popular item response theory (IRT) models are considered complex, mainly due to the inclusion of a random factor variable (latent variable). The random factor variable represents the incidental parameter problem since the number of parameters increases when including data of new persons. Therefore, IRT models require a specific estimation method…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Item Response Theory, Accuracy, Bayesian Statistics
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Markus Gangl – Sociological Methods & Research, 2025
Rating scales are ubiquitous in the social sciences, yet may present practical difficulties when response formats change over time or vary across surveys. To allow researchers to pool rating data across alternative question formats, the article provides a generalization of the ordered logit model that accommodates multiple scale formats in the…
Descriptors: Rating Scales, Surveys, Responses, Models