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Yu-Cin Jian; Leo Yuk Ting Cheung – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2025
This study aimed to investigate whether elementary school students have different reading strategies based on various levels of text-diagram integrative processing and whether these reading strategies remain consistent or change over a three-year period. The study followed 176 students from grades four to six and observed their eye movements while…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 4, Grade 5, Grade 6
Elaine Allensworth; Alex Gordon; Christopher Young – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2025
There is considerable variability in the literacy assessments taken in Kindergarten through second grade, across schools and between multilingual learners and other students, and within students over time. This makes it difficult to study changes in students' acquisition of ELA skills in these formative years, or to evaluate policies and practices…
Descriptors: Literacy, Kindergarten, Grade 1, Grade 2