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Julia-Kim Walther; Martin Hecht; Steffen Zitzmann – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
Small sample sizes pose a severe threat to convergence and accuracy of between-group level parameter estimates in multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM). However, in certain situations, such as pilot studies or when populations are inherently small, increasing samples sizes is not feasible. As a remedy, we propose a two-stage regularized…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Structural Equation Models, Matrices
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Suppanut Sriutaisuk; Yu Liu; Seungwon Chung; Hanjoe Kim; Fei Gu – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2025
The multiple imputation two-stage (MI2S) approach holds promise for evaluating the model fit of structural equation models for ordinal variables with multiply imputed data. However, previous studies only examined the performance of MI2S-based residual-based test statistics. This study extends previous research by examining the performance of two…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Error of Measurement, Programming Languages, Goodness of Fit