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Ke-Hai Yuan; Zhiyong Zhang – Grantee Submission, 2025
Most methods for structural equation modeling (SEM) focused on the analysis of covariance matrices. However, "Historically, interesting psychological theories have been phrased in terms of correlation coefficients." This might be because data in social and behavioral sciences typically do not have predefined metrics. While proper methods…
Descriptors: Correlation, Statistical Analysis, Models, Tests
Yan Xia; Xinchang Zhou – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2025
Parallel analysis has been considered one of the most accurate methods for determining the number of factors in factor analysis. One major advantage of parallel analysis over traditional factor retention methods (e.g., Kaiser's rule) is that it addresses the sampling variability of eigenvalues obtained from the identity matrix, representing the…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Statistical Analysis, Evaluation Methods, Sampling
Chunhua Cao; Yan Wang; Eunsook Kim – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
Multilevel factor mixture modeling (FMM) is a hybrid of multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multilevel latent class analysis (LCA). It allows researchers to examine population heterogeneity at the within level, between level, or both levels. This tutorial focuses on explicating the model specification of multilevel FMM that considers…
Descriptors: Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Factor Analysis, Nonparametric Statistics, Statistical Analysis
Edoardo Costantini; Kyle M. Lang; Tim Reeskens; Klaas Sijtsma – Sociological Methods & Research, 2025
Including a large number of predictors in the imputation model underlying a multiple imputation (MI) procedure is one of the most challenging tasks imputers face. A variety of high-dimensional MI techniques can help, but there has been limited research on their relative performance. In this study, we investigated a wide range of extant…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Social Science Research, Predictor Variables, Sociology
A. R. Georgeson – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
There is increasing interest in using factor scores in structural equation models and there have been numerous methodological papers on the topic. Nevertheless, sum scores, which are computed from adding up item responses, continue to be ubiquitous in practice. It is therefore important to compare simulation results involving factor scores to…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Scores, Factor Analysis, Statistical Bias
Njål Foldnes; Jonas Moss; Steffen Grønneberg – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
We propose new ways of robustifying goodness-of-fit tests for structural equation modeling under non-normality. These test statistics have limit distributions characterized by eigenvalues whose estimates are highly unstable and biased in known directions. To take this into account, we design model-based trend predictions to approximate the…
Descriptors: Goodness of Fit, Structural Equation Models, Robustness (Statistics), Prediction
Lingbo Tong; Wen Qu; Zhiyong Zhang – Grantee Submission, 2025
Factor analysis is widely utilized to identify latent factors underlying the observed variables. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of two widely used methods for determining the optimal number of factors in factor analysis, the K1 rule, and parallel analysis, along with a more recently developed method, the bass-ackward method.…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Monte Carlo Methods, Statistical Analysis, Sample Size