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Direct linkOliver Lüdtke; Alexander Robitzsch – Journal of Experimental Education, 2025
There is a longstanding debate on whether the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or the change score approach is more appropriate when analyzing non-experimental longitudinal data. In this article, we use a structural modeling perspective to clarify that the ANCOVA approach is based on the assumption that all relevant covariates are measured (i.e.,…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Longitudinal Studies, Error of Measurement, Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Umut Atasever; Francis L. Huang; Leslie Rutkowski – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2025
When analyzing large-scale assessments (LSAs) that use complex sampling designs, it is important to account for probability sampling using weights. However, the use of these weights in multilevel models has been widely debated, particularly regarding their application at different levels of the model. Yet, no consensus has been reached on the best…
Descriptors: Mathematics Tests, International Assessment, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries
