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Puyiqiu Liu; Zheng Huang; Yun Feng Zhang; Xiao Shu Xu – International Journal of Learning Technology, 2025
This study aimed to develop and validate the online learning experience scale for art students (OLESA) in higher education. A qualitative-quantitative sequential mixed-method design was used for the instrument validation. According to the widely-accepted scale development process, this study followed the steps of item pool generation, expert…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Online Courses, Art Education, College Students